Dyslexia is more than a phonological disability

This article reports an extended ‘case series’ of studies comparing performance of three age groups of dyslexic and matched control children on primitive skills. The dyslexic children showed deficits in most of the skills, with fundamental deficits (worse performance than reading age controls) on phonological skill, naming speed, bead threading, and on some balance tasks. Furthermore, there was no evidence of sub-types of dyslexia, with all dyslexic children showing deficits in at least two skill modalities. The results, which have considerable theoretical and applied significance, demonstrate that the difficulties of dyslexic children are not limited to phonological skills. Dyslexia is more than a phonological disability